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WESTERN HEMISPHERE OF TYPUS ORBIS TERRARUM From Oitelius loSo. ami Hakliivt. 1589
BRITISH COLUMBIA
FROM THE
EARLIEST TIMES TO THE
PRESENT
By E. O. S. SCHOLEFIELD
PROVINCIAL LIBRARIAN AND ARCHIVIST
ILLUSTRATED
VOLUME I
THE S. J. CLARKE PUBLISHING COMPANY
VANCOUVER WINNIPEG MONTREAL CHICAGO
CONTENTS
PAGE LIST OP AUTHORITIES XV
CHAPTER I
PREHISTORIC NORTHWEST AMERICA 1
CHAPTER II
APOCRYPHAL VOYAGES H>
' CHAPTER III
SPANISH EXPLORATIONS -V-i
CHAPTER IV
RUSSIAN EXPLORATIONS 49
C-H AFTER V
CAPTAIN JAMES COOK 7.'!
('IT APT EH VI
TDK M AKITIM ): l-l KTU ADKHS Ill
f'TTAPTKR VTT
THE NOOTKA SOtTND CONTROVERSY 1 ii")
en M'TKi: x'lTi
CAI'TAi'n GEORGE VANCOUVER 157
TTTAPTER IX
SIR ALEXANDER MACKENZIE ^99
r]]\VTEU X
SIMON ERASER 23;">
ix
847337
CHAPTER XI
NEW CALEDONIA 283
CHAPTER XII THE Hudson's bay company 327
CHAPTER XIII
THE OREGON QUESTION 427
CHAPTER XIV
THE POUNDING OF VICTORIA 457
CHAPTER XV
THE COLONY OP VANCOUVER ISLAND 497
CHAPTER XVI
REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT 529
CHAPTER XVII
VANCOUVER ISLAND IN TRANSFORMATION 557
CHAPTER XVIII
THE NATIVE RACES OP BRITISH COLUMBIA 573
CHAPTER XIX
MEDICAL 593
CHAPTER XX
THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OP BRITISH COLUMBIA 623
CHAPTER XXI
BANKS AND BANKING 643
APPENDIX
CONTAINING PROOFS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 653
INDEX 683
X
ILLUSTRATIONS
Western Hemisphere of Typus Orbis Terrarum Frontispiece
Giovanni Martines, After 1560. Chart One of Atlas 7 1
Prom the Globe of F. Sohoner. 1520 3
Manuscript Map of 1530 and Map of P. de Furlani, 1560 7
Map of Euysch in edition of Ptolemaeus, 1508, and Frobisher map, 1578 8
Maps by Judaeis, 1593; Herrera, 1600; Sanson, 1691, and Bcbaim, 1492. 9
Eastern Asia after Bering, 1728 10
Maps by Bellin and Buache, 1748, 1750. 1775 11
Maps by Jefferys, 1758 and 1764 12
Russian Maps, 1 75S and 1775 13
General Map of Discoveries of Admiral De Fonte 15
French Map of North America, circa, 1775 17
Title Page of Purchas, His Pilgrimea 23
Early Map of Vancouver Island and Entrance to the Strait of Juan De Fuca 33
Vista De Lo Interior De La Gala De Los Amigos en La Entrada De Nutka 41
First Spanish Chart of Strait of Juan De Fuca, 1790 44
Map of North America, circa, 1625 49
Map of Western North America, circa, 1775 73
H. M. S. Resolution 76
Autograph Letter by Captain Cook 78
General Map of the Discoveries of Admiral De Fonte and Other Navigators by De I'Isle,
1752 80
A Man and Woman of Nootka Sound 84
Mount St. Elias and the New Eddystone 94
Birthplace of Captain Cook ; Death of Captain Cook 105
Alexander Dalrymplc 116
Maps, Port Etches and Rose 's Harbour 118
Track of the Snow Experiment 119
Mearcs ' Long Boat Entering the Strait of Juan De Fuca 121
Maps of N. W. Coast of America, by Capts. Robert Funter and Janips Hanna 122
Sketch of RaftCove in Queen Charlotte Sound, by Robert Funter 125
Callieum and Maquilla 128
Discovery on the ■Rocks in Queen Charlotte's Sound; Launch of the A^or<^ West America. . 131
Si
Signatures of early Captain-Traders 133
View of Spanish Fort, Nootka Sound, from Contemporary Drawing, 1793 135
Spanish Insult to British Flag, 1789 144
Captain George Vancouver, K. N 157
Captain Gray in the Straits of Juan De Fuca ; at the Falkland Islands; In Winter Quarters
at Clayoquot ; at Whampoa 160
The Ships Columbia, Washington, Hancock 16:^
Falls at Indian River Post, Burrard Inlet Iti4
Alexandro Malaspina 166
Spanish Ship Atrevida on Northwest Coast 167
E. Haswell, C. Bulfinch, Jos. Banxell 169
Galiano Island ^ ' 1
The Country of New Albion 1'8
Friendly Cove and Salmon Cove l&O
Macuina and Tetaeu 182
Maps, Milbank 's Sound and Friendly Cove 1S4
A View of the Habitations in Nootka Sound 190
Letter by George Vancouver 192
Celebration in Honour of the Coming of Age of the Daughter of the Famous Nootka Chief,
Maquinna, about 1792 I'*'
Petersham Churchyard, Surrey, England 19'*
Captain George Vancouver's Tomb and Memorial Tablet 19'
Simon Frascr of the NorthWest Company 235
Port Grahame, Hudson 's Bay Co. Pctst on Finlay Kiver 283
Fort McLeod, founded 1805 -^^
Hudson 's Bay Co. 's Post, near Fraser Lake, founded 1 806 287
John Tod ^^^
Duiivegan, Hudson 's Bay Post, Peace River; Episcopal Church Mission at Lesser Slave Lake 493
The Home of Dr. W. F. Tolmie *^*^
Fort Victoria *5'
Wharf Street, 1867, and Fort Street '*''^
472 The Prison, Victoria '
Cheslakees' Village in Johnstone's Straits and Village of the Friendly Indians -19.?
Richard Blanshard, Arthur E. Kennedy, Sir Anthony Musgrave, Sir James Douglas 510
53" First School on Vancouver Island
First Legislative Council of Vancouver Island, 1856
547 Originally Supreme Court, Later First Museum
View of Victoria in 1860 '^
Bird 's-Eye View of Victoria in 1S78
564 Early Views. Government Street, Victoria
Old Views of Victoria
Old A'iew of James Bridge, Victoria "*
xii
Type8 of British Columbia Indians 57.'i
Indian Fish Caches 580
The Inside of a House iu Nootka Sound 582
Missions and Their Congregations 584
Kincolith Church and School; Nishka Chiefs and Leaders 587
Section of Kincolith ; The New Mode of Travel, Archdeacon CoUison 's Launch, The Dawn,
arrived in Harbour '. 589
Progress in Education G23
Angela College, Victoria; Administration Bifilding, Virtoria 620
University Site Commissioners, 1910 634
Vancouver 643
Vancouver, City, Council Meeting After the Fire of June 13, 1886, and J. W. Home's Real
Estate Office 645
Hastings Street and Granville Street, Vancouver 646
North Vancouver from Ferry Wharf and Vancouver Harbour and Shipping 647
Twin Falls, Yoho Valley; Siwash Eoek, English Bay, Vancouver 649
*:i
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
Adam (G. Mercer). From Savagery to Civ- ilisation. Toronto, 1885. Outline history of Canadian Literature, 1887. Adams (E. D.). Influence of Grenville on
Pitt's Foreign Policy, 1787-1798. (Nootka)
Wash., 1904. Adams (Joseph). Ten thousand miles through
Canada. Lend., 1912. Aflalo (F. G.) Sunset playgrounds, fishing
days in Canada. Lond., 1909. Aflalo {F. G.) Ed. Wilderness and the Jungle.
Lond., 1912. Alaska. Canada's dismemberment. Niagara-
on-the-Lake, 1904. Alaskan boundary tribunal proceedings. Wash.
Govt., 1904. (U. S. Congress 58. 2 Sen.
Doc, 162). Allen (A. J.). Ten years in Oregon. Ithaca,
N. Y., 1848. Allen (Alexander). Cariboo and the mines of
B. C. Ms. Alston (E. Graham). Handbook on B. C. and
Vancouver Island. Lond., 1870. Amery (L. S.). Union and Strength. Lond.,
1912. Amoretti (Charles). Voyage de la mer At-
lantique a I'ocean Pacifique par le Capi-
taine Laurent Ferrer Maldonado, I'an
1588. Plaisance, Magno, 1812. Amos (Andrew). Report of trials relative tn
the destruction of Selkirk's settlement on
Red river. Lend., 1820. Amundsen (Roald). "North-west Passage,"
voyage of the "Gjoa," 1903-07. 2 vols.
I.ond., 1908. Anderson (Alexander Caulfield). Dominion
at the West. Victoria, 1872. British Columbia, an appendix to the B. C.
Directory, 1882-3. Victoria, 1883. Handbook and map to the gold region of
Eraser's and Thompson's Rivers. San
Fran., 1858. Indian tribes of British North America.
(Historical Mag., March, 1863, 73-81).
North Western America. (Canadian Nat-
turalist, 1876, N. S. v. 8, 135-156). North-west Coast History. Ms.
Anderson (James). Letter to Sir George Simpson. (Lond. Geog. Socy. Jour., XXVI). Sawney's letters and Cariboo rhymes. Toronto, 1895.
Anderson (John J.). Did Louisiana extend to the Pacific? N. Y., 1882.
Annals of British legislation. Lond., 1856, etc.
Applegate (Jesse). Views of Oregon history. Ms.
Archives parlementaires de 1787 a i860, Recueil complet des debats legislatifs et politiques des chambres fran^aises. Pre- miere serie. Tome XV. Assemblee Nationale Constituante du 21 Avril 1790 au 30 Mai. 1790. (Nootka) Paris, 1883.
Argonaut. Statement of all the facts relative to Nootka Sound. Lond., 1790. A continuation of statement. Lond., 1790.
Armstrong (A. W.). Oregon. Chicago, 1857.
Arrowsmith (John). Map of B. C. and Van- couver Island. Lond., 1859.
Atahualpa (Voyage of the ship). Extracts from a journal . voyage from
Boston to the N. W. Coast. (Collections of the Mass. Hist. Socy., 1804).
Aube (Th.). Vancouver et la Colombie An- glaise. Paris, 1877.
Aubertin (J. J.). Fight with Distances, the States, Canada, B. C, etc. 1888.
Auckland (Wm., Lord). Journal and corres- pondence of. (Nootka Sound). Lond., 1861.
B
Back (Capt. Sir George). Arctic land expedi- tion, 1833, 1834, and 1835. I Vol. Lond., 1836. Discovery of the North-west passage. By commander R. M'Clure, of H. M. S. In- vestigator. (Jour, of Royal Geog. Socy., 1854)-
XV
XVI
AUTHORITIES
Bacqueville de la Potherie. Histoire de I'Amerique septentrionale. Paris, 1772.
Baedeker (Karl). Dominion of Canada. Leipzig, 1907.
Bagley (C. B. ). In the beginning. Seattle, 1905.
Balch (Thomas Willing). The Alaska-Can- adian frontier. Phil., 1902.
Balfour (Henry). Haida Portrait Mask. (Man., \'ol. 7).
Ballantyne (Robert M.). Hudson's Bay. Edin., 1S48. Handbook to the new gold fields, Fraser and Thompson Rivers. Edin., 1858.
Ballou (William T.). Adventures. Ms.
Bancroft (George). Memorial on the Canal de Haro, N. p. N. D.
Bancroft (Hubert Hovpe). History of Alaska, 1730-1885. San Fran., i886. History of British Columbia, 1792-1887. San
Fran., 1887. History of California. History of Nevada. History of the Northwest Coast. 2 v. San
Fran., 1884. History of Oregon, 2 v. San Fran., 1886. History of Washington, Idaho, and Mon- tana. Native races of the Pacific States of North
.America. 5 v. N. Y., 1874-75. Popular Tribunals.
Bancroft's hand-book of mining. San Fran., 1861.
Barbeau (C. M.). The bearing of the heraldry of the Indians of the north-west coast of America upon their social organisation. (Man., vol. XII, pp. 83-90).
Barneby (W. H.). Life and labour in the Far Far West. 1884. New Far West and the Did Far East. 1889.
Barrington (Daines). Miscellanies [account of early Spanish voyages to the N. W. coast]. Lond., 1781.-
Barrow (Sir John). Voyages for the purpose of discovering a north-east, north-west, or polar passage. Lond., 1818. A letter to the Geographical Society con- cerning a north-west passage. (Jour, of the Royal Creog. Socy. Lond., 1836, PP- 34-37)
Barrows (William). Oregon, the struggle for possession. Bost., 1884.
Bate (Mark). History of the Bastion. Nan- aimo, N. D.
Baumgarten (Hermann). Geschichte Spa- nien's zur Zeit dcr franzoesi?chen Revolu- tion. (Nootka) Berlin, 1861.
Bayley (C. A.). Vancouver Island early life.
Ms. Baylies (Francis). Exploration of the north- west coast. (Report 35 H. of R. 19th Cong.
1st Sess., Jan. 16, 1826) Wash., 1826. Northwest Coast of America. (Report 213,
May 15, 1826). Bayly (William). Astronomical observations
in ships Resolution and Discovery, 1776-
80. Lond., 1782. Bealby (J. T.). Fruit ranching in British
Columbia. Toronto, 1909. Beaman (Charles C. ). Our new north-west.
(Harper's Mag., July, 1867.) Beaufort (Capt. Francis). A letter to the
Royal Geographical Society concerning a
north-west passage. (Jour, of the Royal
Geog. Socy. Lond., 1836.) Becher (Capt. Alexander B. ). Navigation of
the Pacific ocean. Lond., i860. Beckwith (Miss M. W. ). Dance forms of the
Moqui and Kwakiutl Indians. (Proc. 15th
Inter. Congress of Americanists, Quebec,
1906, vol. 2.) Beechey (F. W. ). Voyage to the Pacific in
1825, 26, 27, 28. 2 V. Lond., 1831. Begbie (Matthew B.). Journey into the In- terior of British Columbia. (Lond. Geog.
Socy. Jour., XXXI.) 1861. Begg (Alexander). History of British Co- lumbia. Toronto, 1894. History of the North-West. 3 v. Toronto,
1894-5. Review of the Alaskan boundary question.
(Victoria, B. C, N. D.). Behring Sea. Papers relating to. Wash., 1887. Fur-seal, sea-otter and salmon fisheries regu- lations. Wash., 1896. Belcher (Sir Edward). Voyage round the
world in 1836-42. Lond., 1843. Benyowsky (Count). Memoirs and travels.
Lond., 1904. Bering Sea arbitration (reprint of letters to
the Times). Lond., 1893. Bering Sea commission. Report of. Lond.,
1892. Bezanson (A. M.). The Peace River Trail.
Edmonton [1907]. Bingley (Rev. William). Travels in North
.■\merica from modern writers. Lond.,
1821. Biographical Dictionaries. Dictionnaire his-
lorique des hommes illustrcs du Canada,
par Bibaud, 1857. Le Pantheon canadien par M. Bibaud, 1858. Canada: An Encyclopasdia, by J. C. Hopkins,
1898.
AUTHORITIES
xvu
Biographies caiiadieiines, |/.<r I'Alibe Cas-
grain, 1873. Chambers's biographical dictionary, 1902. Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Biographies et portraits, par L. O. David,
1876. Canadian portrait gallery, by J. C. Dent. Dictionary of English history, ed. by Low
and Pulling. Dictionary of national biography. Bibliotheca canadensis, by H. J. Morgan,
1867. Canadian men and women of the time, by
II. J. Morgan. Sketches of celebrated Canadians, by H. J.
Morgan, 1862. Dictionnaire historique des Canadiens de
I'ouest, par .■\. G. Morice, 1908. Biographical dictionary of well-known
British Columbians. Kerr and Begg. Cyclopa;dia of Canadian biog., by G. M.
Rose, 1886. Men of the Day. Ed. by Louis H. Tache. Les Canadiens de I'ouest, par J. Tasse, 1882. Portraits of British Americans, by \V. Not-
man, with letterpress by F. Taylor, 1865. Who's Who. London. Who's Who in Western Canada. Biographical dictionary of British Columbia. By J. B. Kerr, 1890. Bishop (Avard Langley). Hudson Bay route.
(Yale Review, April, 1912.) Bishop (Capt. Charles). Journal of a voyage to the N. W. Coast of America, in the ship "Ruby." 1794-6 (Original Mss. ). Black (C. E. D.). The Marquess of Dufferin
and Ava. Lond., 1903. Blaikie (W. G.). Summer suns in the far
west. Lond., 1890. Blake (Theodore A.). Geological features of the Northwest Coast. (American Jour, of Science and Arts. 2nd Ser., 1868.) (Jeological features of the Northwestern Coast, from straits of Juan de Fuca to parallel of 60°. (Coast Survey, 1867. Wash., 1869.) Blake (William P.). Notes on the Stickeen
River. Wash., 1868. Blanchet (Rev. F. N.). The Catliolir church in Oregon and the nurtlnvest. Ferrulale, Wash., 19 10. Blanshard (Riiliard). Vancouver Island. Despatches, 26th Dec, 1849, to 3olh Aug., 1851. New Westminster, N. D. Beam (H. J.) and Brown (A. G.). British Columbia ; its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources. Lond., 1912.
Boas (Franz). Ethnological problems in Can- ada. (Proc. of the 15th Inter. Congress of .Americanists. Quebec, 1906, vol. I.) The KwakiutI of Vancouver Island. (Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Anthrop., vol. I, p. 2, 1909.) The origin of Totemism. (Jour. .Amer.
Folk-Lore, vol. 23.) Eine Sonnensage der Tsimschian. (Zeit-
schrift fiir Ethnologie. Bd. 40.) Social organization of the KwakiutI Indians. Wash., 1897. Boas Anniversary Volume. Anthropological papers written in honour of Franz Boas, professor of anthropology in Columbia University. N. Y., 1906. Boddy (Rev. Alexander A.). By ocean, prairie and peak, journeys to B. C, etc. Lond., 1896. Bolduc (J. B. Z.). Mission de la Colombie. Lettre et journal. Quebec [184?]. Letter to Mr. Cayenne, 15 Feb., 1844. In De Smet's Oregon Missions, 51. Bompas (William C, Bishop). Diocese of
Mackenzie river. Lond., 1888. Bonar (J.). The golden coins of B. C. (Jour- nal of Canadian Bankers) Jan., 1910. Bourinot (Sir J. G.). Canada (1896).
Intellectual development of the Canadian people, 1881. Bowles (Samuel). Across the continent. Springfield, 1866. (Jur new West. Hartford, etc., 1869. Brabant (Rev. A. J.). Vancouver Island and
its Missions, 1874-1900. N. D. N. p. Breysig (Kurt). Die Amerikaner des Nordwestens und des Nordens. (Die CJeschichte der Menschheit, Erster Band. Die \'6lker Ewiger Urzeit I.) Berlin, 1907. Bridges (F. D.). A lady's travels round the
world. Lond., 1S83. British and American joint commission on Hud- son's Bay and Puget Sound Agricultural Company's claims, testimnny on pan of the U. S. Wash., 1867. British Colonist in North America, a guide for
emigrants, 1890. British Columbia. Bill to provide for the gov- ernment of New Caledonia, 1X58. British Columbia and Vancouver's Island. A complete hand-book, etc. Lond., 1858. A hand-book concerning the gold fields, (c. i860). British Columbia. The new gold fields of B. C. and Vancouver's Island. Lond., 1862.
XVlll
AUTHORITIES
Guide for B. C. By a successful digger, etc. [Lond., 1862].
Papers relative to the affairs of B. C. pre- sented to both Houses of Parliament, 1858- 1864.
Papers relative to the proposed union of B. C. and Vancouver Island, 31st May, 1866.
Debates on the subject of confederation, March, 1870.
Agric. and Horticultural Socy. reports. Vic- toria, 1873, etc.
Guide to the province of. Victoria, 1877.
Railway question, opinions of the English press. Victoria, 1877.
Information for intending settlers. (Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa, 1884).
As a field for emigration and investment [By A. Beaulands]. Victoria, B. C, 1891.
Guide map of the province, with geo- graphical description. Victoria, B. C, [1891].
Its present resources and future possibilities. Victoria (Govt.) 1893.
The Pacific province, resources, climate, etc. (C. P. Ry. Co.) 1893.
The commercial. B. C. supplement, ill. Winnipeg, 1893.
Reports of provincial archivist. Victoria, B. C.
Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association of B. C. annual reports. Van- couver.
Memorial in connection with the Oraineca road petition. N. p., N. D.
Public documents, acts, ordinances and proc- lamations, consolidated statutes, correspond- ence on the custom stations between Vic- toria and Kootenay, expenditure, Indian land question, jour, of legis. assembly, jour, of leg. council, lands and works, list of voters, mmes reports, overland coach road, papers relating to affairs, public schools, registrar of births, etc., sessional papers, statutes.
Bills of the legislative assembly.
Supreme court rules.
Votes and proceedings.
Dept. of education. Manual of school law and regulations in B. C. Victoria, J893 to date.
Dept. of mines. The days of old and days of gold in B. C. Victoria, 1912.
Milling and Mining Company, prospectus. Victoria, 1878.
Mining Stock Board Constitution. Victoria, 1878.
British Columbia Archives.
Colony of British Columbia, 1858-1871 (in- cluding Vancouver Island after 1866). Governor. Proclamations and ordinances, 1858-1864.
I vol. Circular despatches from Downing Street,
1852-1868. 3 vols. Despatches from the secretary of state for
the colonies, 1866-1871. 5 vols. Despatches from the secretary of state, Ottawa, 1870-1871. I vol. Legislative Council.
Minutes, 1859-1871. i vol. Journal, 1864-1871. 2 vols. Messages from governor, 1864-1871. 2 vols. Secretar}-.
Letters, 1860-1872. 2 vols. Collector of Customs.
Letters, 1859-1870. 1 vol. Naval Officers.
Letters, 1859-1871. 1 vol. Lands and works.
Cash-books, correspondence, indexes, etc., 1858-1873. 9 vols. Departmental letters.
Governor, 1859-1870. i vol. Secretary, 1861-1872. 2 vols. Miscellaneous, 1858-1873. 10 vols. Indexes, etc. Province of British Columbia, 1871 — Lieutenant-governor.
Despatches to the secretary of state, Ot- tawa, 1871-1874. 4 vols. Despatches from the secretary of state, Ottawa, 1871-1892. 18 vols. Executive Council.
Memoranda of proceedings, Nov., 1871,
Apr., 1872. Minutes relating to trouble on Skeena River. 1888. .Miscellaneous letters, 1874-1894. 7 vols. •Miscellaneous letters, local, 1871-1881. 2
vols. Miscellaneous letters, foreign, 1871-1881. 2
vols. Colony of Vancouver Island, 1849-1866. Governor.
Despatches to the secretary of state for the
colonies, 1849-1864. 5 vols. Despatches from the secretary of state for the colonies, 1852-1857, 1862-1866. 7 vols. Miscellaneous, letter-books, 1850-1866. 7 vols.
AUTHORITIES
XIX
Miscellaneous general letter-books, 1864- 1866. 2 vols.
Private official letter-book, 1859-1864. i vol.
Letters to Hudson's Bay Co., 1850-1855.
Correspondence with naval officers (Gov. Douglas). I vol.
Proclamations, 1853-1858. i vol.
Messages, replies to addresses, 1856-1863. Legislative Council.
Minutes, 1851-1861 (contain references to San Juan Island, Indian wars in Wash- ington, etc.), 1864-1866. 3 vols.
Journals, 1863-1866. i vol. House of Assembly.
Minutes, 1856-1858, 1860-1866. 3 vols.
Journals, 1861-1863. i ^'ol-
Bills, amendments, etc., 1861-1865. ' vol.
Committee on supply, minutes, 1860-1866. I vol.
Select committees, reports, 1858-1865. i vol.
Acts, proclamations, etc., 1860-1863. i vol.
Messages, returns to addresses, etc., 1856- 1860, 1864-1866. 2 vols.
Correspondence, 1856-1864. 2 vols. Treasurer.
Letter-book, 1859-1864. i vol. Lighthouse Board.
i;,spondence, 1863-1869. i vol. Historical .Manuscripts.
Journal of the Hope, Capt. Joseph Ingra- ham, Boston, to the northwest coast of America, 1790-1792. (Transcript orig- inal is in the library of congress, divi- sion of manuscripts). Nootka Sound Controversy.
Transcripts (many from the British Pub- lic Record Office), 1790-1793.
Correspondence of Don Juan de la Bodega y Quadra, Robert Gray, Joseph Ingra- ham, Lieut. John Meares, Capt. George Vancouver, Don Juan de Viana, Robert Duffin, Evan Nepean, Grenville, etc., petitions, memoranda of information re- specting American vessels. Journal of John Stuart. Dec. 20, 1805 — Feb.
28, 1806. Papers of Simon Fraser.
Journals, Apr. 12 — July 18, 1806 (original manuscript), May 30 — June 10, 1808; letters from the Rocky mountains, ."Vug. I, 1806 — Feb. 10, 1807 (copied from the Academy of Pacific Coast History) ; three letters to James McDougal, 1806- 1807; letter to John Stuart, Feb. 1, 1807.
Journals and correspondence of John Mc- Leod, Sr., 1812-1844.
Journal kept by Dixey Wildes on board the Paragon, Jan., 1819 — May i, 18201 McNeil's V'oyages.
Journal of a voyage from Oahu toward Nantucket in the Golden Farmer, 1827- 1828; journal of a voyage from Bahia to the coast of Africa on board the ship Burton of Boston, 1828-1830.
Letters to Edward Ermatinger from Archi- bald McDonald and John Work, 1828- 1856. Hudson's Bay Company.
Account of sales of goods shipped on the Llama at San Francisco, 1834.
"Skin Book" of the steamer Beaver and the brig Llama, 1836-1839.
Letter-book of W. H. McNeil, Nesqually, Sitka and Stikeen, 1841-1845.
Letter-book of W. H. McNeil, Fort Simp- son, 1851-1855.
Letter-book of H. Moffat, Fort Rupert, Fort Simpson, and Kamloops, 1857-1867. Papers of James Douglas.
Diary of a journey to Norway House, 1835.
Journal, Apr. 22, 1840-Jan. 23, 1841.
Establishment of servants, Columbia dis- trict, Oct., 1839.
Continuation of a voyage to Sitka, 1841-
1843-
Letters, July 13, 1840-Mar. 16, 1867.
Journal of Thompson's River Post (Kam- loops), Aug. 3, 1841 to Dec. 14, 1843, kept by John Tod.
Reports upon Oregon territory and north- west America, made by George Simpson to Sir John Pelly, governor of the Hud- son's Bay Company, Nov. 25, 1841, Mar. 10, 1842.
Cowlitz, memorandum book, 1841-1843, and log-book, 1843-1844. Puget Sound Agricultural Company.
Transcripts of papers relating to the af- fairs of the company; prospectus; list of shareholders; memorandum relating to the Cowlitz farm, by A. C. Anderson (1841, 3 pages) ; judgement of supreme court of Washington territory in the case of Puget Sound Agric. Co. vs. Pierce county (Jan. 17, 1862) ; papers relating to Nesqually and Cowlitz claims; ac- count of Frank Clarke with the com- pany (1865) ; origin of the Puget Sound .Agric. Co., by A. C. Anderson (1865); agreement between the company and the U. S. (June 20, 1867).
XX
AUTHORITIES
See the published evidence, arguments, memorials, documents, etc., presented to the British and American joint commis- sion for the settlement of the claims of Hudson's Bay and Puget Sound Agri- cultural Companies, printed in 14 parts (Montreal parts 2-7, i+, 1868); (Wash- ington, parts I, 8-13, 1865-1868). Papers and letters relating to the Oregon
territory and boundary, 18+2-1845. Papers relating to the expedition of Lieu- tenants Henry I. Warre and M. Vava- sour to the Oregon territory, 1844-1846. Correspondence of William Fraser Tolmie with John McLoughlin, James Douglas, Peter Skene Ogden and others, 1844- 186+. Establishment of Fort Yukon.
Letter of 84 pages from Alexander H. Murray of the Hudson's Bay Company to Murdo McPherson at Fort Simpson ; contains account of his journey from Peel's river to the Yukon, June 11-25, 1847, record of temperatures at Fort Yukon, July, 1847 — May, 1848, and pen and ink sketches of Fort McPherson, Fort Yukon (with plan), Indians, etc. Blanshard Despatches.
Despatches from Richard Blanshard, gov- ernor of the colony of Vancouver Island to the secretary of state for the colonies, Dec. 26, 1849 — Aug. 30, 185 1, and despatches to Blanshard from the secretary of state, 1849-1850. Indian war of 1855-1856 in Washington and Oregon, by Col. Granville O. Hal- ler, U. S. A. Diary of Augustus Pemberton, Jan. 15,
1856— Aug. 3, 185S. Reminiscences of boundary survey by Rob- ert Temple, 1858-1862. Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition Rec- ord of Exploration of Vancouver Island by expedition under Robert Brown, June 7-20, 1864. History of Northwest Coast, by Alexander C. Anderson. Transcript of manuscript in academy of Pacific Coast History, 132 pp. Pioneer reminiscences of Robert Holloway, Charles Holtz, John Mclvor, A. W. Rog- ers, and James Yates. British North American provinces, correspond- ence respecting the proposed union. Fur- ther papers. Lond., 1867, folio. British North-West American Emigrants Set- tlement Association. N. p., N. D.
Brock (R. W.). See geological survey, Can- ada. Brooks (Charles Wolcott). Early migrations, Japanese wrecks adrift in the north Pacific ocean. (Calif. Acad, of Sciences) 1876. Broughton (William Robert). Voyage to the north Pacific ocean in 1795 to 1798. Lond., 1804. Brown (John). Northwest passage and plans for search of Sir J. Franklin. Lond., 1858. Brown (R. C. Lundin). British Columbia — An essay. New Westminster, 1863. British Columbia, the Indians and settlers at Lillooet. Lond., 1870. Brown (Robert). Coal fields of N. Pacific coast. Edinburgh, 1869. Formation of fjords, canons, etc. (Royal
Geog. Socy. Jour., 1869.) Vancouver Island exploration. Victoria,
1864. Synopsis of birds of Vancouver Island.
(The Ibis, 1868, vol. 4.) Queen Charlotte Islands. (Jour. Royal Geog. Socy., pp. 381-392.) Browne (J. Ross). Lower California. See Taylor; report upon the mineral resources west of the Rocky mountains. Wash., 1868. Browne (Peter A.). Lecture on Oregon ter- ritory. Phil., 1843. Bryce (Rev. George). Remarkable history of Hudson's Bay Co. Lomi., ~*ooo.- Mackenzie, Selkirk, Simpson. Toronto, 1906. Buache (Philip). Papers relating to voyages and discoveries in the North Pacific Ocean down to 1753. (Original Mss.) Buckingham (Wm.) and Ross (G. W.). Alex.
Mackenzie, his life. Tor., 1892. Bulfinch (Thomas). Oregon and El Dorado.
Boston, 1866. [Burges (Sir James Bland)]. Narrative of the negotiations between England and Spain in the year 1790. (Nootka) Lond.
[1791]-
Burnett (Peter H.). Recollections and opin- ions of an old pioneer. N. Y., 1880.
Burney (James). History of north-eastern voy- ages and navigations of the Russians. Lond., 1819. Voyages and discoveries in the South Sea. 5 V. Lond., 1803-1S17.
Burpee (L. J.). Search for the Western Sea. Lond., 1908. Chapter on the literature of the fur trade. (Bibliog. Socy. of Amer. vol. 5.)
Burry (B. Pullen). From Halifax to Van- couver. Toronto, 1912.
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XXI
Bury (Viscount). Balance sheet of the Wash- ington treaty, Lond., 1873.
Bustamante (Carlos Maria de). Historia de los tres Siglos de Mexico, Durante el Go- bierno Espaiiol. Supplement by Andres Cavo. (vol. 3, Nootka.) Mexico, 1836.
Butler (Sir W. F.). Great lone land. Lond., 1873. Wild north land. Lond., 1874. Far out: rovings retold. 1880.
Caine (W. S.). Trip round the world in 1887-88. Lond., 1888.
Caldwell (Robert). The gold era of Victoria. Lond., 1855.
California Academy of Sciences, proceedings of the. San Fran., 1858, etc.
Calvo: Recueil complet des traits de I'Amer- ique Latine. (Nootka) Paris, 1862.
Cambridge Modern History. Lond., 1904 (vol. 8. Account of Nootka affair).
Cameron (Agnes Deans). The New North. N. Y., 1910.
Cameron (Malcolm). Lecture on British Co- lumbia. Quebec, 1865.
Campbell (Archibald). Reports on boundary survey to summit of Rockies. Wash., 1878. Voyage round the world from 1806 to 1812. F.din., 1816.
Campbell (John). Origin of the Ilaidahs. K''S. Koval Socv., Canada, Ser. 2, 1897-98.)
Campbell (Robert). Discovery and explora- tion of the Youcon. Winnipeg, 1885.
Campos (D. Rafael Torres). F.spafia en Cali- fornia y en el Nordoeste de America. Madrid, 1892.
Canada Public Documents. Addresses of governor, agriculture, canal en- largement; census, coal trade, customs; de- bates of the House of Commons; estimates; extradition of prisoners; geological survey, Selwyn A. R. C. reports of progress, etc.; immigration anil colonization; inland rev- enues; insurance; interior; Lake Superior and Red river settlement; lights; marine and fisheries; message relative to the terms of union; meteorological magnetic; militia; navigable streams; northwest mounted police; postmaster general; pub- lic accounts; public works; secretary of stale; statistics; trade and navigation. Archives reports. Geographic Board of Canada. Forestry branch bulletins. Census reports.
Canada. Dept. of marine and fisheries, port
directory of Canadian ports and harbours.
Ottawa (Govt.), 1909.
Sessional papers No. 125, address 2tst Feb.,
1878. (.'Alaska boundary.)
Canadian annual review of public affairs 1901
to dale. Toronto, 1902 to date. Canadian Pacific Railway, Sandford Fleming, engineer in chief. Correspondence relat- ing to N. p. N. D. Maps and charts.
Papers connected with the awarding of sec- lion fifteen. Ottawa, 1877. Reports, 1872, etc. Ottawa, 1872, etc. Quarterly review, (Jan., 1887, pp. 119-143.) Canadian Parliamentary Companion, 1874-
1887-1897. Montreal, 1874, etc. Cantillo (Alej. de). Tratados de Paz y Com-
ercio. (Nootka) Madrid, 1843. Cariboo, the gold fields of British Columbia.
Lond., 1862. Cariboo Quartz Mining Company, memoranda. Victoria, 1878.
Carmichael ( ) Dean. Montreal to N'ictoria.
[Montreal, 1888.] Carnarvon (Earl of). Speeclies on Canadian
affairs. Lond., 1902. Carpenter (Edmund J.l. Tlie .American ad- vance. Lond., 1903. Carpenter (Phillip P.). Mollusca of the West
Coast of N. America. Lond., 1857. Carrel (Frank). Canada's West and Farther
West. Quebec, 191 1. Cartography of the Pacific coast. 3 v. Ms.
folio. Cartwrlght (George). Journal of a residence on the coast of Labrador. 3 v. Newark, 1792. Carver (Jonathan). Fravels through North America in 1766, 1767, and 1768. Dublin,
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Cass (Hon. Lewis). Speech on the bill to protect rights in Oregon. Wash., 1846.
Catlin (George). North .American Indians. 2 V. Lnnil., 1841.
Cawstnn (George) and Keane (A. U.). Early chartered companies. Lond., 1896.
Chamberlain (.Mcxander F. ). Noun composi- tion in the Kciotenav language. (Anthro- pos, vol. 5.) Kutenai basketry. (American .Anthropolog- ist, N. S., vol. XL) l.cft-handedness among North .'\nier. In- dians. (.Ainer. .Anihrop., N. S., vol. X.) Kutenai and Shoshousan. (Amer. Anthro- pologist, N. S., vol. XI.)
XXI 1
AUTHORITIES
Some Kutenai linguistic material. (Amer- ican Anthropologist, N. S., vol. XI.) Ueber Personennaraen der Kitonaqua-In- dianer von Britisch-Kolumbien. (Zeit- schrift fiir Ethnologie. Bd. 41.) Peuple priraitif : les Kitonaqua de la Colombia Britannique. (Bull, et Mem. de la Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris, Ve. Ser., Tome 10.) Note sur I'influence exercee sur les Indiens Kitonaqua par les missionnaires Catholi- ques. (Revue des Etudes Ethnographiques et sociologiques, vol. 2.) Der "Kartensinn" der Kitonoqua-Indianer.
(Globus, Bd. 95.) How the American Indian named the white man. (Red Man, v. 5.) Champness (W.). To Cariboo and back.
("Leisure Hour" 1862). Chittenden (H. M.). The American fur trade.
3 vols. N. Y., 1902. Chittenden (Newton H.). Travels in British Columbia and Alaska. Victoria, 1882. Official report of the exploration of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Victoria, B. C, 1884. Churchill (J. D.) and J. Cooper. British Columbia and Vancouver Island. Lond., 1866. Clarke (Robert Carlton). How British and American subjects unite in a common gov- ernment for Oregon Territory. (Oregon Hist. Socy., June, 1912). Clarke (S. A.). Pioneer Days of Oregon His- tory. 2 vols. Cleveland, 1905. Claudet (F. G.). Gold. New Westminster,
1871. Cleveland (Richard J.). Voyage from China to the Northwest. (North Amer. Rev., Oct., 1827). In the forecastle. Clowes (William L.). Royal navy, a history from the earliest times. (Vol. 4, Nootka armament). Lond., 1899. Coats (Robert H.) and R. E. Gosnell. Sir
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1727-51. Lond., 1852. Cocking (Matthew). An adventurer from Hudson Bay. (Trans. Royal Socy. Can- ada, 1908). Cogswell (O. H.). History of British Colum- bia. Victoria, B. C, 1893. Coleman (A. P.). Canadian Rockies. New
and old trails. Tor., 191 1. Colnett (James). Voyage to the South At- lantic and the Pacific. Lond., 1798.
Colonization of Vancouver's Island. Lond.,
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Pacific. N. v., 1902. Columbia Mission, Occasional Paper. Lond., 1861. Pastoral address, n. p., 1864. Reports 1864, etc. Lond., 1864, etc. Colvocoresses (George M.). Four years in a government exploring expedition. N. Y., 1852. Comments on the Convention with Spain.
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AUTHORITIES
XXIU
Crease (Sir Henry P. P.). Proceedings in the case of the Queen vs. the McLeans and Hare. Victoria, i88o.
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Croasdaile (Henry E.). Scenes on Pacific shores. Lond., 1873.
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Crosby (Rev. Thomas). Wesleyan Methodist mission at Fort Simpson. (Rocky Moun- tain Presbyterian, Jan., 1878.) The An-ko-me-nums or Flathead tribes. Tor., 1907.
Cumberland (Stuart). Queen's highway from ocean to ocean. 1887.
Cushing (Caleb). The treaty of Washington. N. Y., 1873.
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Spanish memorial of 4th June considered. Lond., 1790.
Plan for promoting the fur trade. [Lond.] 1789- Davidson (George). (The) Alaska boundary. '»in Fran., 1903.
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Territories and B. C. Ottawa, 1881. Dawson (George M.). Tertiary lignite forma- tion in the vicinity of the 49th parallel (Brit. North Amer. Boundary Comm.). Mont., 1874.
Geology in the vicinity of the 49lh parallel (Brit. North Amer. Boundary Comm). Mont., 1875.
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Economic